We return for a second wind and to the surface for air as we catch our breath in Part 4 by considering two categories of application circuits for the TL431. The loop gain is significantly reduced by ...

I needed a simple LED indicator showing that a particular voltage level had been reached—specifically, that a capacitor had charged to a particular potential. I was convinced that there must be a way ...

We submerge somewhat deeper into analysis of the seemingly simple TL431 voltage reference with transconductance amplifier to find that some useful design parameters are missing from the manufacturer ...